Composers Datebook

• Of mountains and Messiaen

  SynopsisGourmet composer Gioachino Rossini had a beef dish, Tournedos Rossini, named after him, and over the centuries countless towns have honored their native composers by naming streets after them — but few can top the honor bestowed on the late Olivier Messiaen by the citizens of Parowan, Utah. They named a mountain after him.On today’s date in 1978, the citizens of Parowan resolved to name a local mountain Mt. Messiaen in honor of the French composer, who had spent a month in Utah five years earlier while working on his symphonic suite, From the Canyons to the Stars.Messiaen had been commissioned to write a work for the American Bicentennial in 1976. Apparently back in France he owned of a series of books, Wonders of the World, which included striking color pictures of the canyons of Utah, which so fired Messiaen’s imagination that he made a special pilgrimage to Bryce Canyon in Utah see them with his own eyes. The result was an orchestra score, From the Canyons to the Stars, which includes a movement titled Bryce Canyon and the Red-orange Rocks.“Colors are very important to me,” Messiaen once said. “I have a gift — it's not my fault, it’s just how I am — whenever I hear music or even if I read music, I see colors. The colors do just what the sounds do: they are always changing, but they are marvelous.”Music Played in Today's ProgramOlivier Messiaen (1908-1992): Bryce Canyon and the Red-Orange Rocks, from From the Canyons to the Stars; London Sinfonietta; Esa-Pekka Salonen, conductor; CBS/Sony 44762

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• Mozart gets married

  SynopsisAs a public service, here’s a reminder for those of you who tend to forget your wedding anniversary: if you’re not sure when it is, maybe now would be a good time to check … before it’s too late!Chances are that Wolfgang Mozart didn’t forget his wedding anniversary, since it was over his father’s strenuous and repeated objections that he finally married Constanza Weber at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna on today’s date in 1782.Back in Salzburg, Leopold Mozart remained unimpressed with his son’s choice, but eventually gave his grudging consent. “I knew I could count on you,” wrote Mozart his father. “Now my dear Constanza is looking forward to traveling to Salzburg, and I wager you’ll rejoice in my happiness once you get to know her!”Well, that might have been a bit of exaggeration. In any case, Mozart’s unfinished Mass in C minor was written as a thanks offering to both Almighty God in heaven and as a peace offering to Papa Leopold in Salzburg. Portions of it were performed in Salzburg during the young couple’s first visit the following year, with soprano Constanza singing the florid soprano part and Mozart conducting.Music Played in Today's ProgramWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791): Great Mass: Et Incarnatus Est; Gillian Keith, soprano; Handel and Haydn Society; Harry Christophers, conductor; Coro 16084

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• Rossini asks 'Who was that masked man?'

  SynopsisA fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty “Hi-yo, Silver!”Generations of American baby boomers first heard Rossini’s William Tell Overture as the opening credits of the old Lone Ranger TV western, but we suspect only a few of them ever realized the overture by an Italian composer was written for a French opera about a Swiss archer, which was adapted from a German play by Friedrich Schiller. Like a Facebook relationship, “It’s complicated.”Anyway, Rossini’s William Tell was first heard in Paris on today’s date in 1829. Rossini hoped William Tell would be considered his masterpiece. Ironically, the complete opera is only rarely staged these days, but the William Tell overture became a familiar concert hall showpiece — so familiar, in fact, as to become something of a musical cliché.Russian composer Dimitri Shostakovich gave a dark 20th-century spin to Rossini’s overly familiar theme, when he quoted the William Tell Overture in the opening movement of his Symphony No. 15. In the context of Shostakovich’s enigmatic final symphony, Rossini’s jaunty little theme comes off like a forced smile, and audiences are free to read whatever political subtext they wish into its rather sinister context.Music Played in Today's ProgramGioacchino Rossini (1792-1868): William Tell Overture; Philharmonia Orchestra; Carlo Maria Giulini, conductor; EMI 69042 Dimitri Shostakovich (1906-1975): Symphony No. 15; London Philharmonic; Mariss Jansons, conductor; EMI 56591

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• Gluck and Glass in the underworld

  SynopsisIn Greek mythology, Orpheus was a priest of Apollo and a fabulous musician, who attempted to bring his dead wife Eurydice back from the underworld.On this day in 1774, in Paris, the first performance of the French version of the opera Orpheus and Eurydice by Christoph Willibald Gluck took place. Gluck originally wrote the opera in Italian, but for the French version in 1774, he added some new instrumental music, including a serene interlude depicting the Dance of the Blessed Spirits — an excerpt that has become one of Gluck’s most famous and best-loved works.Over the centuries, more than 60 operas have been written on the theme of Orpheus and Eurydice. In fact, two of the very first operas ever written are based on this legend, both by Italian composers of the late Renaissance: one by Jacopo Peri performed in 1600 and another by Claudio Monteverdi from 1607.One of the more recent operas based on the Orpheus legend is by the American composer Philip Glass, based on a libretto he adapted from the 1950 movie, Orpheus, by surrealistic French poet and film director Jean Cocteau. The American Repertory Theatre and the Brooklyn Academy of Music commissioned Glass’s version in 1993.Music Played in Today's ProgramChristoph Willibald Gluck (1714-1787): Dance of the Blessed Spirits from Orphée; Academy of Ancient Music; Christopher Hogwood, conductor; L’oiseau Lyre 410 553 Philip Glass (b. 1937): Act 2 Interlude from Orphée; Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra; Dennis Russell Davies, conductor; Nonesuch 79496-2

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• Dvorak's 'American Quintet'

  SynopsisMost classical music lovers know and love Dvořák’s New World Symphony, Opus 95, and his American String Quartet, Opus 96, but fewer know the work he wrote next: his String Quintet, Opus 97. We think that’s a shame, since all three rank among the finest things the Czech composer ever wrote.Dvořák’s Quintet is also nicknamed the American — and for good reason: It was completed in 1893 on today’s date in Spillville, Iowa, during the composer’s summer vacation in that small, rural community of Czech immigrants, where he and family could escape the noise and bustle of New York City and his duties there at the National Conservatory.Dvořák had been brought to America to teach Americans how to write American music, but, like any good teacher, he was as eager to learn as to teach. In New York, Henry T. Burleigh, a talented African-American Conservatory student, taught him spirituals, and in Spillville, he eagerly attended performances of Native American music and dance by a group of touring Iroquois.Traces of those influences can be heard in Dvořák’s American works. In his Quintet, for example, unison melodic lines and striking rhythms seem to echo the Iroquois chants and drums Dvorak heard during his summer vacation in Spillville.Music Played in Today's ProgramAntonín Dvořák (1841-1904): II. Allegro Vivo from String Quintet No. 3; Vlach Quartet Prague with Ladislav Kyselak, viola; Naxos 8.553376

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