The Moonshot Podcast

In the ninth installment of the Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive series, Astro Teller and Emily Ma explore how to solve humanity’s food waste and hunger problems.

They discuss how Project Delta built an “air traffic control” system for the world’s surplus food. They also discuss the origins of Chorus, X’s moonshot to give every object a voice which is now focused on optimizing global supply chains using advanced sensors and orchestration software.

For more on the future of food waste, tune into Episode 6 of the Moonshot Podcast, “Trash to Treasure”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgRASA92Dco

Video Segmentation
00:00 - Introduction
01:38 - The origins of Emily’s passion for food waste
04:07 - Why food waste is such a big problem
07:09 - How Emily wound up at X
10:24 - Google Glass in early food waste prototypes
12:06 - Emily’s “waste audit” sifting through physical trash
15:08 - How food is wasted in every phase of the production process
20:36 - An “air traffic control” system for the world’s surplus food
23:54 - How X’s food waste technology helped tackle that surplus
29:25 - What the team learned by working in the field
30:40 - Food waste “nodes” to reroute surplus food
33:34 - Applying X’s food waste technology outside the U.S.
35:41 - The team’s early vision for a supply chain moonshot - Chorus
39:56 - How Chorus evolved from the Delta team
41:26 - How Delta graduated to Google
45:06 - Emily’s fondest moonshot memories
46:54 - The importance of play when taking moonshots
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In the eighth installment of the Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive series, Astro Teller discusses the future of audio wearables with iyO Founder Jason Rugolo.

They discuss the many unexpected use cases for machine-mediated hearing, what it was like to build the world’s first audio computer and how to make audio wearables “cool.”

For more on the origins of iyO and the next generation of audio wearable technology, tune into Episode 9 of the Moonshot Podcast, “Supersenses”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlpF2QJNL5Y

00:00 - Introduction
02:17 - The first company Jason started at age 14
04:02 - How Jason came to X
06:40 - Jason’s earliest “fail fast” moonshot ideas
09:54 - The importance of being “the right amount too early”
12:45 - Radical idea for digital humans
14:59 - Early explorations into tele-video
18:49 - The original pitch for what became iyO
22:24 - Why designing great wearables for the ear is so hard
24:52 - Design considerations for audio wearables
29:41 - Making audio wearables “cool”
31:32 - The limitations of current in-ear devices
32:33 - The “superpowers” we’d have with machine-mediated hearing
35:30 - Building the first audio computer
36:30 - What the team’s first audio wearable looked like
38:01 - How audio wearables could help with translation
40:55 - The potential for wearables to protect from hearing loss
41:57 - The future of “hearing enhancement” apps
44:45 - The unexpected value of voice-to-audio interaction
48:34 - Astro’s “holy s**t” moment with audio wearables
52:26 - Why audio wearables need to change sound sources so quickly
55:47 - iyO’s public debut
57:23 - Surprising agentic AI use cases
58:50 - Physics conversations with the Einstein app using iyO
01:00:58 - Musical conversations with the iyO DJ app using iyO
01:01:51 - Jason’s hard-won lessons from taking moonshots
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In this installment of the Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive series, Astro Teller explores the origins of Google Glass with designers Ivy Ross and Isabelle Olsson.

They discuss the unexpected design and tech challenges the team faced creating such a bold new form factor, the surprising ways people ended up wanting to use Glass, how their backgrounds in art influenced their approach, and the importance of timing when creating new technologies.

For more on Glass’s early days, tune into Episode 9 of The Moonshot Podcast, “Supersenses”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlpF2QJNL5Y

00:00 - Introduction
01:43 - How Isabelle wound up at X
03:37 - How Ivy came to X
07:25 - The big challenges Glass was solving
11:04 - The origins of the Glass Explorer Program
11:43 - Glass’s public debut
14:46 - Ivy’s earliest memories of Glass in action
18:37 - How art influenced the design of Glass
22:19 - Glass’s second generation design
27:20 - From sunglasses to monocles: Early design debates
31:30 - Surprising “fringe” uses of Glass in industry
34:33 - Reinventing Glass for industry
35:47 - Why timing matters
41:45 - Memorable team traditions
44:50 - When Glass moved from X to Google
47:41 - Early explorations with the Google Watch
49:37 - Lessons learned from taking moonshots
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In the sixth installment of our Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive series, X’s Captain of Moonshots, Astro Teller, discusses plant breeding and the future of agriculture with Agricultural Scientist, David Guerena. David works with The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) — a partner of Mineral, X’s moonshot for computational agriculture. They discuss plant breeding, the challenges facing smallholder farmers around the world, and how the tools Mineral developed are helping plant breeders grow more resilient crops.

For more on Mineral’s impact on agriculture, check out Episode 4 of The Moonshot Podcast, “Feeding the World”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQS3lY6pRvY

And to learn more about how Mineral’s technology is being used by public plant breeding programs in the Global South, check out The Artemis Project: https://alliancebioversityciat.org/projects/artemis

00:00 - Introduction
1:09 - Why humans eat certain plants
3:20 - How plants have historically been domesticated
4:53 - The origins of plant breeding
6:52 - The changing face of plant breeding
8:42 - Gene banks that preserve genetic diversity
10:22 - Helping small farmers with plant breeding
12:33 - How David’s career started
14:00 - The process of identifying and cataloguing plants
23:32 - CIAT and CGIAR’s partnership with Mineral
26:13 - Mineral’s technology
32:59 - Unexpected findings from Mineral’s early days
38:40 - Solving for the biggest challenges in plant breeding
40:08 - Phenotyping 101
41:06 - The impact of Mineral’s technology
44:39 - The challenges of existing breeding systems
50:10 - The future of computational agriculture
57:00 - The impact of AI on plant breeders and farmers
59:19 - A surprising insight about bean cooking time
1:01:47 - The future of plant breeding
1:03:58 - David, finally, talks about Bruno
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In the fifth installment of our Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive video interview series, X’s Captain of Moonshots Astro Teller sits down with Google DeepMind’s Chief Scientist Jeff Dean for a conversation about the origin of Jeff’s pioneering work scaling neural networks.

They discuss the first time AI captured Jeff’s imagination, the earliest Google Brain framework, the team’s stratospheric advancements in image recognition and speech-to-text, how AI is evolving, and more.

For more on X’s AI moonshots, check out Jeff on Episode 3 of The Moonshot Podcast, “Machines That Think”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jLPA8Qpc74

00:00 - Introduction
00:35 - What Jeff’s childhood was like
03:50 - The first “non-trivial” thing Jeff coded
05:02 - Jeff’s “love/hate” relationship with C++
06:59 - The first time AI captured Jeff’s imagination
10:40 - When neural networks fell “out of vogue”
12:24 - How Jeff made a career out of “starting over”
14:23 - The origins of Google Brain
17:30 - Critical components of scaling neural networks
18:43 - The earliest Google Brain framework
19:32 - How the team first built a 100x bigger neural network
22:04 - The cat video that started it all
25:02 - Google Brain’s major progress on image recognition
26:24 - Google Brain’s major progress on speech to text
27:29 - The origins of TensorFlow and TPUs
31:56 - Three breakthroughs in understanding language models
37:41 - Where Jeff thinks the world is headed
40:07 - The shift from “making things” to designing prompts
42:38 - How Jeff uses AI to enhance his own life
43:51 - Safety, security, and privacy in AI
50:26 - The future of understanding neural network behavior
53:34 - When computers are “smarter” than humans
56:52 - Jeff’s next-five-years plan
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