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  • Hacker Public Radio

    HPR4623: A brief infodump on the Broadcast Address and Routing

    22-04-2026
    This show has been flagged as Clean by the host.


    Hello Hacker Public Radio, this is JonTheNiceGuy.








    On the

    HPR Community News for January 2025

    , Ken, Kevie and Some Guy On The Internet were talking about network addresses. As this was part of my job for several years, I thought I might talk about this for a couple of minutes.








    All IP Networks now use what we refer to as

    CIDR

    based addressing, so you'll often see these expressed as "/24", "/16" and so on. This is "how many '1s' are in the binary representation of the local portion of this network. Windows is one of the last remaining platforms to refer to these as Netmasks, and express them as the four octets in decimal representation of those 1s, so /24 is 24 1s in a row, or 255.255.255.0, /16 is 255.255.0.0 and so on.








    But what does this have to do with networks and networking? There are two pieces to this, the first is for Broadcasts, or how a node with an IPv4 address asks all the local nodes in an IPv4 network address range how to find other things, and the other is for routing.








    Let's talk about Broadcasts. Right, so back when IPv4 (or just TCP/IP as we knew it then) was being developed to integrate into operating systems, most developers read the Request for Comments document about this new IP protocol and put the address that the devices should contact to talk to all the hosts on the local network segment, or the "broadcast address" as it's better known, as the last available IP address in that subnet. In a /24, that would be the .255 address in the subnet. The engineers at, from memory, either Sun Microsystems or DEC, read the same document and called that address the "Network Address" and made it the first available IP address in the subnet, the .0.








    In the end the "Broadcast" address won out in IPv4 networks, and the Network address was left to history, but there are still just enough of those legacy systems knocking around that it was always seen as a bit of a risk to allow the Network Address back into the pool of addresses...








    This is most often currently seen in printer setups, or for ARP address requests, but has largely fallen out of favour, in favour of Multicasts. In fact, so much so, that IPv6 has dropped the broadcast address entirely, and uses multicast.








    But why does the number of bits matter?








    This now comes back to routing.








    Routing is where a host works out what the most specific route is to get to a given IP address. On a typical home IPv4 network this is fairly binary - you have a default gateway, usually on either .1 or .254 in your /24, and most of the traffic goes to that. In networks which need a highly available, or HA, router setup, you may see up to three IP addresses being used by your router, with some method of mapping the "virtual" address of the next hop gateway to a physical device. That said, even on that simple home network, there are at least two other networks which are used, and that's your "local" or "loopback" interface, which is able to use all the addresses in the range 127.0.0.0/8, but typically only binds to 127.0.0.1, and the network you are connected to, which doesn't require routing. Most home routers use 192.168.0.0/24 or 192.168.1.0/24.








    In order to work out how to get the next hop to the IP address you're trying to reach, the computer turns both the IP address you're trying to reach, and all the CIDR masks in the routing table into binary numbers, and then matches the one which is most specifically accurate to work out what to do with it.








    So, for example, if you have an IP address of 10.0.0.1/8, then your network mask is 00001010. If you are trying to find another address in that network, you only need to match that first 8 bits. An address of 11.0.0.1 doesn't match, because the first 8 bits, 00001011 doesn't match the routed network. More specific routes will take longer to match, which is why some of the routing tables on the core networks dedicate whole CPU cores to matching parts of the routing table. It's also why in the pre-IPv4 exhaustion days, IP addresses were typically sold in large blocks, usually to single geographic regions, so that you only had to match a large supernet, or large block of subnets in one go, not lots of smaller subnets.








    Once you understand this about IPv4, IPv6 works the same way for routing, except the address space is four times larger, with the number of bits in a network area being 128, as opposed to IPv4's 32 bits.








    Thanks to the janitors for triggering this bit of an info dump, and I hope it's been of interest to you!








    This is jontheniceguy, signing off from HPR.

    Provide feedback on this episode.
  • Hacker Public Radio

    HPR4622: Hackerpublic Radio New Years Eve Show 2026 Episode 5

    21-04-2026
    This show has been flagged as Explicit by the host.






    Nova Scotia









    https://novascotia.com/









    Akron, Ohio









    https://www.akronohio.gov/









    Stow, Ohio









    https://www.stowohio.gov/









    Kent , Ohio









    https://www.kentohio.gov/









    Kent State Riots









    https://www.britannica.com/event/Kent-State-shootings









    Cuyahoga Falls









    https://www.downtowncf.com/









    HAZMAT Truck Certification









    https://www.tsa.gov/for-industry/hazmat-endorsement









    1095-C Form









    https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-1095-c









    Boston City Hall









    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Hall









    Give Me 40 Acres (To Turn This Rig Around) - Willis Brothers (song)









    https://genius.com/The-willis-brothers-give-me-40-acres-to-turn-this-rig-around-lyrics










    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Me_Forty_Acres_(To_Turn_This_Rig_Around)









    Brutalist Architectural Style









    https://www.riba.org/explore/riba-collections/architectural-styles/brutalism-movement/









    105 MM Howitzer









    https://americangimuseum.org/collections/restored-vehicles/m2a1-105mm-howitzer-1941-1953/









    1812 Overture









    https://www.kdfc.com/articles/tchaikovsky-1812-overture









    Boston Tunnel Project aka The Big Dig









    https://www.mass.gov/info-details/the-big-dig-project-background









    Camel Nose In Your Tent









    https://markeckel.com/2024/06/18/the-camels-nose/









    Manhatten Project









    https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/manhattan-project.htm









    Morgentown, West Virgina









    https://www.morgantownwv.gov/









    Mount Blue State Park









    https://apps.web.maine.gov/cgi-bin/online/doc/parksearch/details.pl?park_id=18









    Belgrade Lakes









    https://visitmaine.com/articles/belgrade-lakes/









    T-34 Airplane









    https://www.military.com/equipment/t-34c-turbo-mentor









    F5 Fighter









    https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/aircraft/f5-tiger









    DC 3









    https://www.britannica.com/technology/DC-3









    C-47









    https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/douglas-c-47-skytrain









    T-6









    https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104548/t-6a-texan-ii/









    Civil Air Patrol









    https://www.gocivilairpatrol.com/









    F4U Corsair









    https://www.nationalww2museum.org/visit/museum-campus-guide/us-freedom-pavilion/george-hw-bush-aviation-gallery/vought-f4u-corsair









    Black Sheep Squadron (TV Show)









    https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_sheep_squadron









    Hawaii









    https://www.gohawaii.com/









    F4 Phantom









    https://www.collingsfoundation.org/aircrafts/f-4d-phantom/









    Vietnam









    https://vietnam.travel/node/1336









    Thailand









    https://www.tourismthailand.org/Home









    F14









    https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/grumman-f-14dr-tomcat/nasm_A20040156000









    F15









    https://www.military.com/equipment/f-15-eagle









    Fort Bliss









    https://www.military.com/equipment/f-15-eagle









    No Toilet Paper For Russian Troops









    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tamarisk









    Boston Linux User Group









    https://blu.org/









    Kit Carson Scout









    https://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=4467









    Battleship New Jersey









    https://battleshipnewjersey.org/









    USS Newport News









    https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/ships-us/ships-usn-n/uss-newport-news-ca-148.html









    USS Iowa









    https://pacificbattleship.com/#dipipopup-60889









    Harpoon Missle









    https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Harpoon









    Tomahawk Missle









    https://www.rtx.com/raytheon/what-we-do/sea/tomahawk-cruise-missile









    Predator Drones









    https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104469/mq-1b-predator/









    M50









    https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-m50-reising-submachine-gun/













    M249 SAW









    https://www.peosoldier.army.mil/Equipment/Equipment-Portfolio/Project-Manager-Soldier-Lethality-Portfolio/M249-Squad-Automatic-Weapon/









    M60 Machine Gun









    https://www.thearmorylife.com/taking-the-pig-for-a-walk-history-of-the-m60/









    M 240 Machine Gun









    https://armyhistory.org/the-m240b-general-purpose-machine-gun/









    M79 Grenade Launcher









    https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-m79-grenade-launcher/













    Mark 19 Grenade Launcher









    https://www.peosoldier.army.mil/Equipment/Equipment-Portfolio/Project-Manager-Soldier-Lethality-Portfolio/MK19-Grenade-Machine-Gun/









    Fletchette Round









    https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-m79-grenade-launcher/









    M16 Rifle









    https://www.secureitgunstorage.com/the-history-of-the-m16-with-fun-facts-trivia/









    M14 Rifle









    https://www.britannica.com/technology/M14-rifle









    MIT









    https://www.mit.edu/education/









    Raufoss Mk 211 anti-materiel high-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition projectile









    https://smallarmsreview.com/raufoss-multipurpose-ammo/









    Barrett Rifles









    https://barrett.net/products/firearms/









    Port Arms









    https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/port-arms









    PTSD









    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967









    M1 Garand









    https://thegca.org/m1-garand-history/









    Meet Boston









    https://www.meetboston.com/









    Chop Logic









    https://www.hilotutor.com/archives_chop-logic.html









    Mumble









    https://www.mumble.info/









    Proxmox









    https://www.proxmox.com/en/









    Spice









    https://www.spice-space.org/









    VAX Computers









    https://www.stromasys.com/resources/vax-computer-systems-an-in-depth-guide/









    MIT Radar Lab Development WW II









    https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/10/22/1104766/how-mits-rad-lab-rescued-d-day/









    DOS









    https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/DOS









    PDP-11









    https://www.computercollection.net/index.php/pdp-11-family/









    Playboy









    https://www.playboy.com/









    PDP-1









    https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/pdp-1/









    ed - The Unix Line Editor









    https://medium.com/predict/using-ed-the-unix-line-editor-557ed6466660









    MicroVax









    https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/10535/Digital-MicroVAX-3100/









    ChaosNet









    https://chaosnet.net/









    Vampire Tap









    https://www.pcgamer.com/the-year-is-1983-and-im-about-to-vampire-tap-my-thick-ethernet/









    MIT Project Athena









    https://news.mit.edu/2018/mit-looking-back-project-athena-distributed-computing-for-students-1111









    XWindows









    https://www.x.org/wiki/









    Windows 3.1









    https://classicreload.com/win3x-windows-31.html









    Windows 3..11









    https://winworldpc.com/product/windows-3/311









    FTP









    https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-science-fundamentals/file-transfer-protocol-ftp/









    Teletype Model 33 ASR









    https://www.curiousmarc.com/mechanical/teletype-asr-33









    Boston Molasses Flood









    https://www.boston.gov/news/100-years-ago-today-molasses-crashes-through-bostons-north-end









    PDP-8









    https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/minicomputers/11/331









    Toll House Cookies









    https://www.verybestbaking.com/toll-house/recipes/chocolate-chip-cookies/









    Boston Bruins









    https://www.nhl.com/bruins/









    Hit Somebody (Song by Warren Zevon)









    https://genius.com/Warren-zevon-hit-somebody-the-hockey-song-lyrics









    Slapshot









    https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slap_shot









    Skrewball Whiskey









    https://www.skrewballwhiskey.com/









    Chicago









    https://www.chicago.gov/city/en.html






    Provide feedback on this episode.
  • Hacker Public Radio

    HPR4621: Android volume control help

    20-04-2026
    This show has been flagged as Explicit by the host.



    NO NOTES




    Provide feedback on this episode.
  • Hacker Public Radio

    HPR4620: The Second Doctor, Part 1

    17-04-2026
    This show has been flagged as Clean by the host.

    This starts our look at the stories of the Second Doctor, portrayed by Patrick Troughton, during the 1960s.

    The Second Doctor, Part 1


    Patrick Troughton is the reason we are still talking about Doctor Who all these years later. He took over the lead role in a popular and successful show and continued the success. It might have been a disaster, but it wasn’t. And Troughton did not attempt to be another Hartnell, he had his own distinct way of playing the part. He established the principle that the personality of the Doctor changes when he (or she) regenerates. This made it much easier on all the actors who followed him in the role, and each one has been very distinctive in how they embodied the Doctor. Sadly, many of his episodes, and some complete stories, are missing now due to the short-sighted policy of the BBC the discard older shows, in many cases wiping video tapes for reuse. Of course, you can’t blame them too much since I doubt anyone in the 1960s would have believed that the show would still be going over 60 years later. But there is always hope that some more episodes will be recovered. There are people who collect old TV shows in various formats such as film and video tape, and it is virtually certain that some missing Doctor Who episodes still exist in private collectors’ hands, though how many is not known.

    To take the place of the missing episodes we have reconstructions using telesnaps (photos taken of the monitor screen), animations, and for a few Troughton stories fans have re-staged the stories as stage plays. So there are ways to experience at least a little of these missing episodes. And even as I write this there are indications that more episodes may be found and returned to the BBC .

    Troughton took over in the third story of Season 4, which aired in late 1966.

    Power of the Daleks

    This is the first story for Patrick Troughton as the Doctor, and starting with the Daleks was a smart move. They were so popular that they guaranteed a good audience and would get Troughton off to a good start. The TARDIS lands on a planet called Vulcan, where a scientist has found a derelict ship containing a few Daleks. He thinks he can bring them back to life, and won’t listen to the Doctor who tries to warn him. Meanwhile, rebels on Vulcan are trying to overthrow the government there. In the end, the scientist sacrifices himself to help stop the Daleks, the rebels succeed in overthrowing the fascist dictator, and all is well. For now. Ben and Polly are along as the companions continuing their stay on the TARDIS after starting with the First Doctor in the War Machines

    This is one of the completely missing stories, but there is an animated version which is available on DVD, or you can watch it on YouTube.

    The Highlanders

    And another historical story, taking us to the Battle of Culloden in 1746, where the last gasp of the Jacobite rebellion was snuffed out by the English army. The TARDIS crew are first captured by the Scots, who are not kindly disposed to people who are obviously English. Then they are captured by the English, who have decided they are traitors and want to hang them. After various adventures, they get away, and bring with them a young Scottish lad named Jamie, who becomes the third member of the TARDIS team when he promises to teach the Doctor to play the bagpipes. An average historical story made memorable by the introduction of the next truly beloved companion, Jamie. He would stay with the Doctor all the way through the end of Troughton’s run, and is still in high demand as a guest at Doctor Who conventions around the world. He was not actually intended to be a companion at first. They had shot two endings, one where he joins the Doctor, and another where he is left in Scotland. They did decide to keep him, but in the next few stories, for which the scripts had already been written, he is less central to the plot and sometimes get lines originally written for another character.

    This is another story where all of the episodes are missing, though there are reconstructions available.

    The Underwater Menace

    The TARDIS team arrives on an island formed by an extinct volcano, where they are brought underground to a sunken city. They are told that their arrival was foretold by the goddess of the city, and that they would be sacrificed. They are rescued by a scientist known to the doctor, but it turns out he has gone quite mad. The city is Atlantis, and he says he will raise it, but his plan involves blowing up everything with nuclear bombs. The underwater scenes of swimming ladies are quite hilarious, but it is an inventive little story. The scene of the mad scientist raging as he disappears under the water is pretty good too, in a campy way.

    Early in Patrick Troughton’s run as The Doctor the show dropped much of the history and focused more on monsters and SF to compete with shows like Lost in Space and Land of the Giants.

    This story is missing two of the 4 episodes, but reconstructions exist for the two missing episodes.

    The Moonbase

    The Cybermen are back, and this time they are attacking a base on the Moon. They have been infiltrating the base through a hole in a basement wall, which is where you scratch your head and wonder why the air doesn’t all leak out through this hole. And since the Cybermen are still significantly organic, how are they breathing in vacuum? Still, the Doctor puts the emphasis on science as the way to defeat them. The return of the Cybermen was sufficiently popular for them to become the acknowledged second best enemy of the Doctor, after the Daleks, of course. And as such they would come back again in several of the Troughton’s stories, and continued up to the present to be featured in Doctor Who.

    This story is also missing two of its episodes, but they have been animated so you can get a decent experience of the story now. And there is at least one decent jump scare here.

    The Macra Terror

    The Macra made an appearance in the David Tennant story Gridlock, but this is where they began. The TARDIS materializes on a planet where a colony seems very happy, except for one malcontent who claims he has seen huge crab-like beings at night. Then the Doctor sees them as well, but no one else seems to notice them. It turns out these creatures are good at conditioning people to not see them, and to believe what they are told to believe. Ben ends up brainwashed by them, though the others escape this. And the colony is busily engaged in producing some kind of gas, and this turns out to be essential to the Macra. Oxygen is poisonous to them, they need the gas. Finally Ben breaks his conditioning and rescues the others, and the Macra are defeated. Why they reappeared in Gridlock was never clear to me, it looked like an Easter Egg for long-time fans that was never explained or justified.

    This is another story that is missing all of its episodes in original form, but an animated version has been released, and is available on DVD and on YouTube.

    The Faceless Ones

    This is a very good, inventive story that purports to take place at Gatwick Airport, though it is of course not really shot there, but at a smaller place nearby. The TARDIS materializes there, and the first problem is that none of them have passports! This is the only thing matters to the immigration people at the airport. Meanwhile, something puzzling is going on with a company called Chameleon Tours. One young lady, played by Pauline Collins, is trying to find out what happened to her brother, who went on a tour with them, sent a postcard, and then vanished. It turns out that the folks running Chameleon Tours are an alien race of Shape-shifters, hence the “Faceless Ones”, who are kidnapping people to help repopulate their planet. The obvious plot hole is that this would involve repopulating with people, not Chamelelons, but never let that get in the way of what is otherwise a nice romp full of action and suspense. The production team was hoping to get Collins as a companion, but she turned them down. At the end, Ben and Polly take advantage of the fact they are on Earth at the proper time, and decide to leave the TARDIS and get on with their lives. So now only Jamie is left. I bet that won’t be true for long.

    For this story 4 of the 6 episodes are missing, but again this is a story that got the complete animation treatment. You can purchase the DVD, or watch it on YouTube.

    Links:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Troughton

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_the_Daleks

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gX1DN7yHneA

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highlanders_(Doctor_Who)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underwater_Menace

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moonbase

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Macra_Terror

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unipaGm8Pbo

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Faceless_Ones

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovSHAcu7g4A

    https://www.palain.com/science-fiction/intro-to-doctor-who/the-second-doctor-part-1/

    Provide feedback on this episode.
  • Hacker Public Radio

    HPR4619: HPR Beer Garden 12 - Baltic Porter

    16-04-2026
    This show has been flagged as Clean by the host.

    Dave and Kevie continue the HPR Beer Garden series with a look at a less known (and maybe a hidden gem to many) style of beer that originates from the north-eastern area of Europe: the Baltic Porter. Kevie Samples Öö from the
    Pojala
    Brewery in Estonia, whilst Dave samples Wave Tactics from another Estonian Brewery:
    Pühaste
    .

















    Connect with the guys on Untappd:







    Dave






    Kevie










    The intro sounds for the show are used from:







    https://freesound.org/people/mixtus/sounds/329806/






    https://freesound.org/people/j1987/sounds/123003/






    https://freesound.org/people/greatsoundstube/sounds/628437/








    Provide feedback on this episode.

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